古老陨石揭示早期强磁场
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这是一幅描绘早期太阳系的艺术插画，展示了年轻的太阳周围环绕着尘埃、岩石和气体，同时磁场贯穿整个原行星盘。
图片来源：埃尔南卡内拉斯
古老的陨石矿物揭示了太阳系最初20万年存在着惊人的强磁场。
大约46亿年前，在太阳和行星以我们熟悉的形式存在之前，太阳系是一大片由气体和尘埃组成的巨大云团。
在几百万年的时间里，这片太阳星云坍缩并扁平化为一个圆盘，为物质聚集成太阳及其周围的行星创造了条件。
麻省理工学院的研究人员在一块2008年于南极发现的陨石内部保存的微小颗粒中，检测到了古代磁场的痕迹。
这些颗粒被称为富含钙和铝的包裹体，简称CAIs。
它们形成于太阳系诞生后的最初20万年内，是目前已知这一时期最古老的物质。
测量结果表明，在太阳星云阶段就已经存在磁场。
研究人员估计，当时的磁场比现在地球的磁场更强，并且在早期太阳形成时，该磁场可能有助于将原始物质向内输送。
从球形云团到原行星盘的这一转变，是整个太阳系历史上最重要的事件之一，麻省理工学院地球与行星科学系的罗伯特R施罗克讲席教授本杰明魏斯说，长期以来，人们一直认为这是由引力造成的，但我们的测量结果表明，磁力可能也起到了一定作用。
魏斯及其同事将这一研究结果发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。
磁性可能塑造了早期的太阳系
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韦斯和他的同事们推断，如果这样一个磁场存在，它应该会对整个圆盘内的物质产生影响。
当这些物质凝聚时，微小的磁性矿物会记录周围磁场的强度，并将这些信息保存数十亿年。
如果这些矿物随后到达地球，它们的剩余磁化强度就可以为远古磁场的存在及其在塑造太阳系过程中可能发挥的作用提供证据。
早期太阳附近原始岩石物质和陨石包体形成的示意图，这些物质保存了太阳系早期磁环境的线索。
图片来源：埃尔南卡内拉斯
研究人员已经发现了可追溯至太阳系形成约200万年后的磁性迹象。
科学家认为，到那个时候，太阳已经形成，行星开始聚集，这表明磁场在行星形成的早期阶段就已发挥作用。
如今，人们不再争论行星形成时是否存在磁场。
但争论焦点在于太阳系形成的极早期，行星尚未形成，只有一个圆盘状物质的时候，该研究的负责人博利纳说。
博利纳在读麻省理工学院研究生期间主导了这项新研究，现在是普渡大学的助理教授。
这仍是争论所在，也是我们目前的研究方向。
一块异常完好的陨石保存了记录
这项新研究将探索时间进一步往前推移，研究人员想弄清楚，在太阳自身仍在形成过程中时是否就已经存在磁场了。
研究人员对代号为DOM08006的陨石进行了研究，这块陨石于2008年在南极洲东部冰盖的多米宁山脉被发现，此后人们对其开展了广泛研究。
DOM08006是迄今发现的最原始的陨石之一。
它含有可以追溯到太阳系发展早期阶段的矿物颗粒，这些颗粒可能形成于太阳完全形成之前，而且它保留了大部分原始的矿物成分。
其他陨石在长达45亿年的历史中经历了多种不同的过程，魏斯说，它们在太阳星云中形成，随后被添加到含水天体上，接着遭到破坏，迁移至小行星带，最终坠落到地球。
但不知何故，DOM陨石所经历的改变比任何其他已知陨石都要少。
那异常纯净的历史使该陨石成为寻找太阳系初期磁性记录的理想地点。
嵌入在DOM中的CAIs可能保留了其形成时周围任何磁场的痕迹。
我们知道它们是我们拥有的有关早期太阳系最古老的物质，博利纳说，但钙铝质包体（CAIs）非常复杂，即使在陨石的一毫米碎片中，它们也并非完全相同。
所以我们必须仔细辨别它们的类型。
研究人员从陨石碎片中分离出微小颗粒，并鉴定出几颗含有天然磁性矿物（包括铁）的富钙铝包体。
然后，他们对这些颗粒进行了一系列旨在检测残留磁性的测量。
古代的这个领域（这里field需要结合具体语境确定准确意思，也可能是田地等其他含义）超过了如今地球的（相关情况）
测试揭示了保存在这些颗粒内部的古代磁场的痕迹。
根据这些信号，研究人员估计早期太阳系中存在一个强度约为150至600微特斯拉的磁场，大约是当今地球磁场强度的3到12倍。
我们认为，这类磁场有助于将原行星盘中的气体向中心恒星（即太阳）输送。
博尔林纳表示，引力也在其中发挥作用。
但我们现在表明，若要全面理解太阳与行星的形成过程，磁场应被视为构成这一过程的关键因素之一。
这项研究部分得到了美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的支持。
相关知识（天文术语）
陨石是宇宙中天体碎片穿越地球大气层后坠落地面的残存物质。
它们来源广泛，可能来自小行星、彗星等。
陨石富含大量宇宙信息，种类多样，有石陨石、铁陨石和石铁陨石。
研究陨石对于了解太阳系起源、演化等具有重要的科学价值。
BY: Jennifer Chu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
FY: AI
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